Research Methodology

What is research? Process of research.Basic and applied research.Data collection techniques- primary and secondary data.Census and sampling methods.Types of sampling methods. Hypothesis- meaning, null and alternate hypotheses. Type-I and Type –II errors.Level of significance.Confidence interval.Power of test. One tailed and two tailed tests. Types of data - Cross section, time series and panel data.

Concepts of Population; Regression Function and Sample Regression;Function.OLS method. BLUE properties; Goodness of fit, R squared and Adjusted R squared;Various functional forms.Dummy variables- Regression models with dummy independent variable(s).

Heteroskedasticity-Definition, sources and consequences. Methods of detection-BPG test, Glejser test, Goldfeld test, Quandt test and White’s test.

Autocorrelation- Definition, sources and consequences. Tests for autocorrelation—Durbin-Watson test and B-G LM test.

Multicollinearity-Definition, sources and consequences; Perfect and imperfect multicollinearity;Tests for multicollinearity—Correlation matrix, VIF and Tolerance ratio.

Z-test (Large sample test).Student’s t-test- Meaning and applications- test for single mean, difference of two means and paired t-test.ANOVA-one -way and two –way.F–test.

One Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, 2 Independent Samples Mann-Whitney Test, Paired Sample Wilcoxon Signed- Rank Test, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Friedman Test and Chi-Square test.

Elements of Report Writing.